Cannabis use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study.

<h4>Background</h4>Despite several lines of evidence suggesting the biological plausibility of Cannabis being carcinogenic, epidemiologic findings are inconsistent. We conducted a population-based case-control study of the association between Cannabis use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers in Los Angeles.<h4>Methods</h4>Our study included 1,212 incident cancer cases and 1,040 cancer-free controls matched to cases on age, gender, and neighborhood. Subjects were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire. The cumulative use of Cannabis was expressed in joint-years, where 1 joint-year is equivalent to smoking one joint per day for 1 year.<h4>Results</h4>Although using Cannabis for > or =30 joint-years was positively associated in the crude analyses with each cancer type (except pharyngeal cancer), no positive associations were observed when adjusting for several confounders including cigarette smoking. The adjusted odds ratio estimate (and 95% confidence limits) for > or =60 versus 0 joint-years was 1.1 (0.56, 2.1) for oral cancer, 0.84 (0.28, 2.5) for laryngeal cancer, and 0.62 (0.32, 1.2) for lung cancer; the adjusted odds ratio estimate for > or =30 versus 0 joint-years was 0.57 (0.20, 1.6) for pharyngeal cancer, and 0.53 (0.22, 1.3) for esophageal cancer. No association was consistently monotonic across exposure categories, and restriction to subjects who never smoked cigarettes yielded similar findings.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our results may have been affected by selection bias or error in measuring lifetime exposure and confounder histories; but they suggest that the association of these cancers with Cannabis, even long-term or heavy use, is not strong and may be below practically detectable limits.