Increasing cannabis use in adolescence and early adulthood is associated with a range of adverse life outcomes (education, income, employment, life satisfaction).
Summary
New Zealand birth cohort up to age 25; increasing cannabis use in adolescence associated with lower educational attainment (p<0,0001), lower income (p<0,01), higher welfare dependence (p<0,0001), higher unemployment (p<0,0001) and lower life satisfaction (p<0,0001) — all associations statistically significant (p<0,05) after adjustment for confounding variables (family structure, mental illness, other substances).
P
PopulationNew Zealand birth cohort (longitudinal study), follow-up to age 25 years, exact n not specified in abstract
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InterventionCannabis use in adolescence and early adulthood (age group 14–25 years), various levels of use
O
OutcomeAfter adjustment for confounders, significant associations between increasing cannabis use and poorer educational attainment, lower income, higher welfare dependence, higher unemployment, lower relationship and life satisfaction (all p<0,05)
Confidence in the evidence
Very lowLowModerateHigh
Low
The second of four GRADE levels, the effect estimate is of limited reliability.
<h4>Aim</h4>To examine the associations between the extent of cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood and later education, economic, employment, relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction outcomes.<h4>Design</h4>A longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort studied to age 25 years.<h4>Measurements</h4>Measures of: cannabis use at ages 14-25; university degree attainment to age 25; income at age 25; welfare dependence during the period 21-25 years; unemployment 21-25 years; relationship quality; life satisfaction. Also, measures of childhood socio-economic disadvantage, family adversity, childhood and early adolescent behavioural adjustment and cognitive ability and adolescent and young adult mental health and substance use.<h4>Findings</h4>There were statistically significant bivariate associations between increasing levels of cannabis use at ages 14-21 and: lower levels of degree attainment by age 25 (P < 0.0001); lower income at age 25 (P < 0.01); higher levels of welfare dependence (P < 0.0001); higher unemployment (P < 0.0001); lower levels of relationship satisfaction (P < 0.001); and lower levels of life satisfaction (P < 0.0001). These associations were adjusted for a range of potentially confounding factors including: family socio-economic background; family functioning; exposure to child abuse; childhood and adolescent adjustment; early adolescent academic achievement; and comorbid mental disorders and substance use. After adjustment, the associations between increasing cannabis use and all outcome measures remained statistically significant (P < 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>The results of the present study suggest that increasing cannabis use in late adolescence and early adulthood is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in later life. High levels of cannabis use are related to poorer educational outcomes, lower income, greater welfare dependence and unemployment and lower relationship and life satisfaction. The findings add to a growing body of knowledge regarding the adverse consequences of heavy cannabis use.